Том 14, №1, 2026

Plant polyphenols are known for their numerous health-promoting properties. This article reviews the current state of research in two related fields, namely beneficial effects of flavonoids for human health, e.g., gut microbiome, and supercritical fluid extraction applied to flavonoids of plant origin. The review covered research articles registered in eLIBRARY.RU, PubMed, and Science Direct in 2005–2025. Polyphenolic compounds obtained from various berries were reported to have a positive impact on gut microbiota, e.g., they stimulated the growth of lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, and other beneficial microorganisms, as well as improved the adhesion of probiotic and pathogenic microbes to intestinal epithelial cells.
The review revealed some promising application areas for berry extracts in the functional food industry. Polyphenols can be part of meat formulations due to their strong antioxidant activity. Their antimicrobial effect against a wide range of contaminants renders them good prospects in protecting food products from microbial spoilage. Supercritical extraction is a promising method that isolates biologically active substances from plant materials. The review summarizes its advantages and limitations, as well as the range of prospective co-solvents.
Ultrasonication, pulse electric field, and enzymic pretreatment make supercritical extraction more efficient. In general, this extraction method proved to be an excellent means of isolating flavonoids and related compounds from various plants and their parts.

Dietary consumption of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAA) is considered to be a high-risk factor that substantially contributes to the development of mutagenicity and carcinogenicity in humans. This study provides ample evidence for the plausible association between mutagenicity or carcinogenicity development and dietary intake of heterocyclic amines in humans. The current study intends to assess the degree of heterocyclic amine contaminants in high-temperature cooked meats, their subsequent food intake, and potential health risk estimations.
The meat samples were homogenized, filtered, extracted, and eluted. The list of heterocyclic amines to be identified and quantified included PhIP (2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b] pyridine), IQ (2-amino-3-methyl-imidazo[4,5-f] quinolone), and MeIQx (2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoxaline). They were simultaneously isolated and studied using the method of high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The highest heterocyclic amine concentration was found in chicken (2705.99 ± 6.12 ng/g), beef (574.09 ± 1.52 ng/g), and mutton (342.41 ± 3.69 ng/g). PhIP (73%) was the main heterocyclic amine in chicken. The estimated daily dietary intake or exposure in chicken, mutton, and beef was 0.690, 0.050, and 0.144 ng/kg body weight, respectively. The values for margin of exposure were within the range identified by the European Food Safety Authority for mutton (102.06) and chicken (13.250), but not for beef (3.784).
This significantly high prevalence of heterocyclic amines and the associated health risks are sufficient to warn the public about the high dietary intake of meat and its carcinogenic health hazards. The mutational patterns induced by heterocyclic amines resemble those in human tumors, requiring the use of specific biomarkers like HAA-DNA and HAA-protein adducts. Future prospects are high for integrating these biomarkers into epidemiological studies, which could provide a comprehensive assessment of health risks associated with dietary heterocyclic aromatic amines in human cancer.

Livestock management is a critical aspect of agricultural sustainability and food security. Today, there is a pressing need for advanced tools in cattle behavior analysis to improve livestock welfare and productivity. We aimed to enhance cattle behavior classification by using accelerometers fitted in wearable collars. Deep learning techniques were employed to classify behavioral patterns in cattle such as feeding, moving, and lying. Ultimately, our study sought to improve livestock management practices, including the monitoring of health and overall well-being. The study was conducted in a local barn, where cattle were outfitted with specially designed collars with accelerometer sensors. These sensors recorded intricate movements, facilitating the collection of comprehensive behavioral data. Deep learning algorithms were used to process and analyze the accelerometer data, enabling precise classification of various behaviors exhibited by the cattle. Our results showed the effectiveness of AI-driven classification techniques in distinguishing cattle behaviors with a high degree of accuracy. Our findings underscore the potential of deep learning techniques in optimizing livestock management practices. This research significantly advances livestock management by offering a simple continuous monitoring solution for cattle behavior. Deep learning techniques not only enhance our understanding of cattle behavior but also pave the way for intelligent systems that empower farmers to make informed decisions. By promoting healthier and more productive livestock, this research contributes to the broader goal of enhancing global food security and sustainability in the livestock industry.

Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for optimal rice growth and yield. Many Nigerian rice fields encounter difficulties in their production process because of insufficient nitrogen in the soil leading to reduced crop yields. However, the sole reliance on expensive inorganic nitrogen fertilizers is economically challenging for small farmers in Nigeria’s derived savannah. Therefore, integrated approaches to nutrient management have been put into practice to reduce the adverse effects of climate change and improve crop productivity in lowland rice cultivation. We aimed to investigate the impact of integrated nutrient inputs on the performance of NERICA L-34 and ARICA 3 rice varieties during the years 2017, 2018, and 2019. Various treatments were administered, namely 100 kg of nitrogen/ha (NPK), 75 kg/ha (NPK) + 25 kg/ha (manure), 50 kg/ha (NPK) + 50 kg/ha (manure), 25 kg/ha (NPK) + 75 kg/ha (manure), and 100 kg/ha (manure). A control group was samples without fertilizers. Key physiological parameters were assessed, including partial factor productivity, nitrogen uptake, nitrogen utilization efficiency, nitrogen internal utilization efficiency, physiological efficiency, recovery efficiency, total leaf area index, chlorophyll content, as well as root fresh and dry weights. Our research followed a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement, replicated three times. The data underwent analysis of variance and the Duncan multiple range test (with a significance level set at p ≤ 0.05), and GENSTAT was used to compare the physiological traits of the rice varieties. Our findings revealed that the combination of 75 kg/ha (NPK, inorganic) and 25 kg/ha (manure, organic) significantly enhanced nutrient recovery and uptake in the NERICA L-34 rice variety, resulting in improved nitrogen absorption. While the ARICA 3 variety consistently exhibited higher chlorophyll content, especially with the application of 100 kg nitrogen/ha (organic), NERICA L-34 displayed superior overall nutrient absorption, recovery, and nitrogen utilization. Therefore, we recommend that rice farmers prioritize cultivating NERICA L-34 for its high productivity and potential for sustainable rice farming. Our findings can also guide farmers towards feasible integrated soil fertility management practices to enhance nutrient utilization efficiency, reduce environmental impact, and contribute to sustainable rice production in the derived savannah region of Nigeria.

A quarter of the world’s population has no access to safe foods of high quality due to the inability of traditional agriculture to meet the growing needs. Therefore, cultivated meat produced from a large mass of animal cells in a laboratory is becoming a promising alternative to animal products. In this study, we aimed to develop a technology for obtaining a hybrid cultured meat product from rabbit cells, sodium alginate, and sunflower protein, as well as to analyze its morphological and functional characteristics. We used rabbit stem cells isolated from the greater omentum and exposed to lipogenic and myogenic differentiation, as well as rabbit skin fibroblasts. The cells were placed in a hydrogel of sodium alginate and sunflower protein and cultured for 72 h to biofabricate tissue constructs by using 3D bioprinting. Confocal and transmission electron microscopy was applied to analyze the morphological and functional characteristics of the cells in the constructs. Using 3D bioprinting, we obtained tissue constructs of 30×40×3 mm from rabbit cells, sodium alginate, and sunflower protein. According to confocal microscopy, the cells in the tissue constructs remained viable for at least 72 h. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the cells formed tight junctions and were metabolically active for at least 72 h, with fibroblasts secreting procollagen and lipoblasts secreting lipid droplets. The resulting cellular meat was obtained from a combination of fibroblasts, lipocytes, and myogenic cells, as well as two ink components. The cellular meat product was safe and ready for consumption.

The agro-industrial sector is one of the biggest organic waste producers. Instead of being discarded into the environment, fruit and vegetable waste could be processed to obtain added value. This article introduces pomace fiber powder made from agroindustrial waste of fruits and vegetables. Its protective potential against hepatotoxicity induced by valproic acid was studied in Wistar rats, both as preventive and curative treatments. In the preventive test, valproic acid (250 mg/kg/day) was administered orally together with the pomace fiber powder (0.3 and 0.15 mg/kg/day) for 14 days. In the curative test, the rats received valproic acid for 14 days, followed by pomace fiber powder another 14 days, at the same amounts. Physicochemical analysis revealed that the experimental pomace fiber powder contained 15.2 ± 0.5% and 22.0 ± 1.2% of insoluble and soluble dietary fiber, respectively. This ratio made it possible to classify the new supplement as functional. The rats administered with valproic acid gained body weight and demonstrated a significant increase in serum enzyme activities, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase (p < 0.05). These results were confirmed by histopathological examination. In both preventive and curative treatments, the supplementation normalized body weight, improved liver biomarkers, and attenuated the hepatic injury induced in rats by valproic acid. The new pomace fiber powder made of agro-industrial waste proved to be an effective raw material that attenuates the side effects associated with prolonged valproic acid administration.

Kelulut honey (Heterotrigona itama) is gaining popularity, which makes its quality assessment an important issue. We employed the method of near-infrared spectroscopy to perform a non-destructive quality assessment of refrigerated and non-refrigerated postharvest Kelulut honey. The research objective was to define the physical and chemical properties of Kelulut honey stored for 0, 1, 2, 7, and 14 days, as well as to establish effective prediction models based on the methods of principal component regression and partial least squares. The Brix value, moisture content, and sugar content exhibited no significant differences (p > 0.05) for the entire storage time. However, the Brix value and sugar content decreased as the moisture increased during storage. pH values decreased while the hydroxymethylfurfural content increased across the entire storage time. Significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed between the pH and hydroxymethylfurfural values for honey stored at different temperatures. The prediction model of sugar content based on principal component regression demonstrated acceptable accuracy (R2 = 0.7) and low mean squared error. After pre-processing and partial least squares regression, the method of near-infrared spectroscopy proved accurate and effective in defining the quality of Kelulut honey.

The fruit processing industry generates a considerable amount of waste, which leads to significant nutritional and economic losses. The most common waste materials include pomace, peels, rind, and seeds. They contain valuable natural bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, polysaccharides, dietary fibers, enzymes, polyphenols, oils, and vitamins. These compounds can be recovered by using suitable conventional or non-conventional methods. Conventional methods include Soxhlet extraction, hydro-distillation, and maceration. Non-conventional methods include enzyme-assisted, ultrasound-assisted, microwave-assisted, solid-liquid, and solvent extractions, as well as pulsed electric field. Fruit peels can be used to synthesize metallic nanoparticles, edible packaging, single-cell proteins, biosorbents, biochar, carbon dots, and biofertilizers. Furthermore, their bioactive compounds have a significant pharmacological potential. In particular, they can be utilized as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic agents. Fruit peels are also a cost-effective solution that can mitigate various environmental problems and aid in reducing nutritional loss. In this article, we reviewed different extraction techniques employed to retrieve bioactive compounds from fruit peel waste, along with their industrial, biotechnological, and pharmacological applications.

Around the globe, solid waste generation rates are reaching 2.01 billion tons, resulting in a footprint of 0.78 kg per person per day as of 2020. It is expected to escalate by 70% and reach approximately 3.42 billion tons by the end of 2050, indicating that waste generating and its disposal are a relevant issue worldwide. Waste can be a source of various useful pharmaceutical and food raw materials, which partially solves the global waste problem. This comprehensive review paper focuses on different types of wastes that can yield carbohydrate polymers for pharmaceutical or food purposes. It covers systemic documentation and summarizes numerous scientific articles published in 2004–2022. The review demonstrates a great perspective for waste re-utilization as an alternative source of pharmaceutical and food materials. It provides a complete insight into the responsible approach to hazardous waste recycling, thus promoting research in bio-waste remediation, novel raw materials, and natural sustainability.

Oilseed press-cakes, a by-product of the oil industry, are currently utilized primarily as animal feed. However, their high protein content and nutritional value make them a promising and sustainable alternative protein source for human nutrition. Their utilization aligns with the principles of circular economy and resource upcycling, promoting a more efficient use of agroindustrial by-products in the food sector. This research featured industrial dehulled sunflower press-cake with the protein content of 44.4% and the total phenolic content of 33.8 mg GAE/g total solids. The functional properties of the micronized press-cake and its protein extract were investigated, with a focus on the impact of ultrasound treatment. Sonication notably enhanced the water-holding capacity by 25% and the oil-holding capacity by 48% in the micronized presscake improving its suitability for applications that require moisture and lipid retention, such as baked goods and snacks. In the extracted protein fraction (72.6% protein), the ultrasound treatment improved the emulsifying capacity by 8.5% and the emulsifying stability by 17%, reinforcing its potential for protein-fortified beverages, sauces, and other emulsified foods. In this research, sonication emerged as a promising processing step worthy of further optimization, given its ability to enhance key functional properties of sunflower materials. Targeted micronization, protein extraction, and sonication made it possible to upcycle sunflower press-cake as a nutritionally valuable and sustainable ingredient in the food industry, either in its micronized form or as a concentrated protein extract.

The black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), a nutrient-dense legume containing bioactive compounds, has proven to have excellent antioxidant and anti-anflammatory effects. However, the available literature data are diverse and needs summarizing. Therefore, we aimed to systematically review the studies on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the black bean. A literature search following the PRISMA guidelines was carried out for in vitro, in vivo, and human studies assessing the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the black bean. For this, we used Boolean operators in the following databases: PUBMED, DOAJ, Google Scholar, and WHO’s International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. A total of 411 articles was screened, with 28 duplicate articles removed. Among the remaining 383 articles, only 38 matched the inclusion criteria. The risks of bias were evaluated using the QUIN tool for the in vitro studies and the OHAT tool for the in vivo and human studies. The seed coat of the black bean exhibited the strongest antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities compared to the other parts of the seed. While thermal processing negatively impacted the beneficial effects, the retention of the cooking water improved the beans’ antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Germinated and fermented black beans had higher potential than raw and cooked beans. Thus, the black bean can exert a protective effect against inflammatory cytokines. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the black bean depend on which parts of the bean are used and how they are processed. There is a need for further studies and clinical trials to focus on the beneficial role of germinated and fermented black beans in human health.

Urolithiasis is a wide-spread condition with no efficient pharmacological treatments. It causes the formation of renal stones. The article describes the antioxidant and anti-lithiasis potencies of extracts of Algerian propolis and bee pollen. Their inhibiting effect on calcium oxalate crystallization was assessed against citric acid using UV-Visible spectrophotometry at 620 nm. The effect of rutin and liquiritin on xanthine dehydrogenase was analyzed in silico. The highest levels (p ˂ 0.05) of total phenols (129.28 ± 1.51 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (77.58 ± 1.95 mg QEQ/g) belonged to the bee pollen ethanolic extract. The same extract had the strongest (p < 0.05) DPPH scavenging capacity (9.420 ± 0.002 μg/mL). The ethanolic extract of propolis possessed the highest antioxidant potency (63.05 ± 3.49%) according to the β-carotene assay. Crystal nucleation in the presence of 16 mg/mL extracts was the same as in the samples tested with citric acid. The propolis ethanolic extract (82.83 ± 0.83%) demonstrated the maximal inhibition of crystal growth at 16 mg/mL, compared with citric acid (91.90 ± 0.26%). Based on the binding free energy (ΔG) and root mean square deviation, the ligands were efficient inhibitors of xanthine dehydrogenase. Bee pollen and propolis proved to contain bioactive components that can make them an alternative to traditional methods of urolithiasis prevention and treatment.

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) grain is prone to microbial and insect infestation. This study evaluated some quality properties of sorghum grain irradiated with low energy electron beam (LEEB), high energy electron beam (HEEB), and gamma rays. The experimental samples were sorghum grain irradiated at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 kGy, while the unirradiated sample served as a control. The experiments with LEEB and HEEB involved accelerators ILU-6 (250 keV) and ELEKTRONIKA 10-10 (9 MeV), respectively. A Chamber 5000 Co-60 device provided gamma irradiation. The phytochemical, physicochemical, and functional properties were defined by standard methods. The study revealed significant (p ≤ 0.05) reductions in the total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents, although they were not dose-dependent. The total phenolic contents reduced from 6.15 (control) to 3.13 GAE/g (gamma rays), 2.74 (HEEB), and 3.47 GAE/g (LEEB). The total flavonoid content reduced from 3.55 (control) to 1.83 QE/g (gamma), 1.78 (HEEB), and 1.59 QE/g (LEEB). The tannin content reduced from 11.96 (control) to 5.19 TAE/g (gamma rays), 2.58 (HEEB), and 6.17 TAE/g (LEEB). The HEEB treatment and gamma rays reduced the pasting properties whereas the LEEB method caused no significant changes. Irradiation did not change the A-type starch crystals but affected its relative crystallinity. The bulk density, oil absorption capacity, solubility index, and swelling power changed significantly after irradiation. The low energy electron beam treatment demonstrated a good potential as an alternative irradiation source for sorghum grain because it had no adverse effect on its physicochemical and functional properties.

Polymer stoppers are gaining popularity over traditional corks. However, their quality level remains understudied, as does their effect on commercial alcoholic beverages. This research featured the quality and safety indicators of polymer stoppers. The research objective was to assess their potential impact on the quality and safety of alcoholic drinks during storage.
The study focused on six types of polymer stoppers that differed in manufacturer, price, and material. Such aspects as appearance, geometry, impermeability, sensory profile, and polymer dust were determined based on State Standard 32626-2014. Toxic substances were assessed by gas chromatography while the migration of substances from the stopper surface was studied using direct microscopy. Sample preparation protocol followed Technical Regulation of Customs Union 005/2011 and State Standard 32626-2014.
Certain stoppers, mainly from the low-cost segment, failed to meet the impermeability requirements, especially in case of hotprocess bottling. The experiment revealed such toxic and hazardous substances as dibutyl and dioctyl phthalates, acetone, ethyl acetate, hexane, heptane, methanol, propyl, butyl, and isobutyl. They penetrated into the model environment and deteriorated the sensory properties of the alcoholic beverages. The acceptable level of methanol migration was exceeded by ≥ 10 times. The concentration of propyl alcohol reached 0.435 mg/L, with its acceptable level being 0.100 mg/L. The concentration of ethyl acetate was 20 times as high as the standard.
The research confirmed phthalate migration from polymer stoppers into alcoholic beverages during storage. Their migration rate and concentration in the finished product correlated with the strength of the beverage and storage temperature. Apparently, winemakers should apply stricter sanitary, quality, and safety standards to the stoppers they use to bottle their produce.

The gut microbiota is called the “main organ” of the host organism due to its important role in maintaining the normal functioning of the body. Dysbacteriosis is one of the risk factors for chronic diseases. It can cause metabolic and neural disorders, inflammatory and other reactions that reduce a healthy lifespan. This calls for developing bioactive supplements with a geroprotective effect to promote health. In this review, we aimed to study the relationship between the gut microbiota and the host organism.
This systematic review covered scientific papers published from 2013–2024 and indexed by eLIBRARY.RU, the National Center for Biotechnology Information, and Scopus.
Dysbacteriosis can lead to a number of diseases that have a cumulative negative effect on the gut microbiota. Regardless of the state of health, the following factors affect the gut microbiota in the decreasing order: diet > sleep > circadian rhythm > physical activity. There is a need for developing bioactive supplements with geroprotective potential to normalize the functioning of the microbiota. In particular, these supplements can contain probiotics, prebiotics, and plant metabolites. Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium can be used as probiotics. Prebiotics include arabinogalactan, galactooligosaccharides, inulin, lactulose, oligofructose, xylo-oligosaccharide, fructooligosaccharide, or their mixtures. Among plant metabolites, especially important are polyphenols, including the ones from green tea, fruits and berries, as well as resveratrol, allicin, quercetin, curcumin, and others. However, not all of them are easily bioavailable and soluble. Encapsulation is often used to address the problem of bioavailability. The ketogenic diet and fasting-mimicking diets have the potential to increase a healthy life expectancy. The potential of dietary supplements to normalize the gut microbiota can be studied by in vitro experiments that use artificial gastrointestinal tracts.
Our results can provide a foundation for further research into the role of the gut microbiota in maintaining the health of the host organism.

Chickpea plant protein hydrolysates are an innovative product on the Russian food market. However, they meet many urgent needs and may solve some fundamental food safety problems. This article describes some effective enzymatic biodegradation methods that yield hydrolysates and biopeptides with advanced functional and technological properties that possess antioxidant and other bioactive potentials.
The study featured Kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) protein isolate, as well as a number of enzyme preparations of animal, plant, and microbial origin. Hydrolysis was followed by a set of FRAP, DPPH, and ORAC analyses to determine the functional, technological, and antioxidant properties. A combined approach made it possible to reveal the proteomic profile, e.g., a combination of two-dimensional electrophoresis and subsequent mass spectrometry was used to identify peptides. The bioactivity of peptide fragments was predicted in silico using bioinformatic databases.
The efficiency of protein destruction depended on the degree of hydrolysis. At 10%, it improved the functional and technological properties. The best results regarding the time and enzyme concentration belonged to Alcalase 2.4 L FG (2%). The enzymes of animal origin, e.g., pepsin at a 10% hydrolysis degree, also improved the functional and technological profile. The samples treated with pepsin and Protoferm FP showed the highest antioxidant activity (FRAP, ORAC), increasing it by more than 200% relative to the initial chickpea isolate. Computer densitometry revealed that the hydrolysates treated with trypsin and papain could destroy more than 55% of the initial protein. Biologically active peptides of the hydrolysates obtained were determined using bioinformatic forecasting.
In this research, chickpea protein hydrolysates provided new technological processing methods for commercial products. They made it possible to obtain biopeptides with antithrombotic, antitumor, antibacterial, antioxidant, and antiamnetic properties, which indicates excellent prospects in the food industry and pharmacy.

The biological fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by rhizobia plays a key role in the cycle of ecosystems and their productivity. In agriculture, it is often used to increase the yield of legumes. We aimed to assess the stimulatory properties of three bacterial strains (Ensifer meliloti 441 B-219, Ensifer mexicanus B-4064, and Rhizobium tropici B-216) and their potential for promoting wheat growth under laboratory conditions.
The bacterial were obtained from the All-Russian Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (National Bioresource Center, Kurchatov Institute). To explore their potential for agronomic practices, we determined their stimulating properties and assessed antagonistic activity against such phytopathogens as Fusarium graminearum F-877, Bipolaris sorokiniana F-529, Botrytis cinerea F-1006, Erwinia rhapontici B-9292, and Xanthomonas campestris B-4102. Finally, we studied the effect of the strains on germination and the contents of photosynthetic pigments, nitrogen, and protein in the above-ground parts of wheat plants under laboratory conditions.
All the test rhizobia strains demonstrated various stimulating properties. In particular, they produced phytohormones, fixed nitrogen, solubilized phosphates and zinc, and synthesized ACC deaminase. The strains also exhibited pronounced antagonistic activity against F. graminearum, B. sorokiniana, and Xanthomonas campestris. According to the laboratory tests, the wheat seeds treated with E. meliloti 441 B-219 and R. tropici B-216 had longer shoots and roots, as well as higher contents of chlorophyll and carotenoids in some wheat varieties. R. tropici also had a strong positive effect on the weight of shoots and roots in all wheat varieties. E. mexicanus B-4064 exhibited a positive effect only on germination in some varieties. However, none of the strains had a significant effect on the nitrogen content.
The test rhizobia strains have significant potential for stimulating plant growth, but they do not contribute to a significant increase in nitrogen availability for wheat.

Fatty acids possess special structural features that allow them to form surfactants. Their weak C–H bonds trigger oxidation by the radical-chain mechanism. As a result, various colloidal solutions develop in aqueous media, and the new conditions affect the mechanism of fatty acid oxidation.
This review summarizes scientific publications on fatty acid oxidation in colloidal systems registered in Scopus and WoS in 2014–2024. It involved articles on the kinetics of fatty acid oxidation in water-lipid colloidal solutions, e.g., emulsions and micellar solutions.
The main stages of lipid oxidation – initiation, continuation, and chain termination – depend on various factors. The oxidation rate can be affected by the composition of the system, oxygen concentration, distribution of the initiator between the lipid or aqueous phases, type of surfactant, and pH. Each of these factors can change the mechanism of radical chain oxidation, thus affecting the shelf-life and quality of food products. The behavior of antioxidants in colloidal solutions differs from that in true solutions. The oxidation rate, the concentrations of various components, and the antioxidant activity in water-lipid solutions can be measured by different methods. These days, machine learning and artificial intelligence predict oxidation rates and assess the properties of antioxidants in various food systems. If combined together, they improve their predictive ability of the oxidation rate of fatty acids in colloidal solutions.
By establishing the mechanism of fatty acid oxidation in colloidal systems, food scientists design the optimal conditions to preserve antioxidants in various foods and increase their shelf-life.