Аннотация
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L. Dunal) is an Ayurvedic medicinal herb that has been known for its therapeutic properties for millennia. Ashwagandha contains several bioactive compounds, including withanolides, alkaloids, and saponins. They make ashwagandha a potent adaptogen and a versatile herb that can maintain optimal health and overall well-being. Ashwagandha reduces stress and anxiety, as well as boosts the immune system. Its anti-inflammatory properties treat arthritis, asthma, diabetes, and inflammatory bowel disease.Ashwagandha produces an immunomodulatory effect on natural killer cells, lymphocytes, and leukemia cells. It enhances the activity of natural killer cells, increases lymphocyte function, and induces apoptosis in leukemia cells. However, its mechanism of action still remains understudied.
Ashwagandha has an impact on COVID-19: phytochemical withanone blocks or weakens the interaction between S-protein and Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Withanoside V and somniferine inhibit viral transcription and replication caused by SARSCoV-2 Mpro.
This review explores the potential utilization of ashwagandha in the food industry, i.e., its safety and toxicity, as well as the mechanism behind its immunomodulatory effect.
Ключевые слова
Ashwagandha, immunity, lymphocytes, natural killer cells, cancer, COVID-19СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
- Amritha N, Bhooma V, Parani M. Authentication of the market samples of Ashwagandha by DNA barcoding reveals that powders are significantly more adulterated than roots. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2020;256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.112725
- Bonilla DA, Moreno Y, Gho C, Petro JL, Odriozola-Martínez A, Kreider RB. Effects of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) on physical performance: Systematic review and bayesian meta-analysis. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology. 2021;6(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6010020
- Wal A, Wal P, Rai AK, Tiwari R, Prajapati SK. Adaptogens with a special emphasis on Withania somnifera and Rhodiola rosea. In: Bagchi D, Nair S, Sen CK, editors. Nutrition and enhanced sports performance. Muscle building, endurance, and strength. Academic Press; 2019. pp. 407–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813922-6.00034-5
- Mahato A, Chakraborty I, Baidya BK. Preparation and evaluation of fruit candy from unripe mango. International Journal of Chemical Studies. 2020;8(1):2727–2731. https://doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i1ao.8682
- Moharana D, Bahadur V, Rout S, Prusty AK, Sahoo RK. Ashwagandha: The miracle ginseng. Food and Scientific Reports. 2020;1(10):37–42.
- Paul S, Chakraborty S, Anand U, Dey S, Nandy S, Ghorai M, et al. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy. 2021;143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112175
- Bharti VK, Malik JK, Gupta RC. Ashwagandha: Multiple health benefits. In: Gupta RC, editor. Nutraceuticals. Efficacy, safety and toxicity. Academic Press; 2016. pp. 717–733. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802147-7.00052-8
- Zahiruddin S, Basist P, Parveen A, Parveen R, Khan W, Gaurav, et al. Ashwagandha in brain disorders: A review of recent developments. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2020;257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.112876
- Bhatt N. Drug discovery from Ayurveda: Biological advances and integrative synergies. In: Bhatt N, editors. Integrative perspectives: Ayurveda, phytopharmaceuticals and natural products. Pune: Continental Prakashan; 2020. pp. 496–512.
- Mandlik DS, Namdeo AG. Pharmacological evaluation of Ashwagandha highlighting its healthcare claims, safety, and toxicity aspects. Journal of Dietary Supplements. 2021;18(2):183–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2020.1741484
- John J. Therapeutic potential of Withania somnifera: A report on phyto-pharmacological properties. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2014;5(6):2131–2148. https://doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.5(6).2131-48
- Ageyeva NM, Khrapov AA, Shirshova AA, Chemisova LE, Ulyanovskaya EV, Сhernutskaya EA. The elemental profile of ciders made from different varieties of apples. Foods and Raw Materials. 2024;12(2):273–282. https://doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2024-2-604
- Ojileh PC, Okechukwu QN. Value-added zobo drink with date juice. Food Processing: Techniques and Technology. 2023;53(3):545–553. https://doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2023-3-2453
- Gaurav N, Kumar A, Tyagi M, Kumar D, Chauhan UK, Singh AP. Morphology of Withania somnifera (distribution, morphology, phytosociology of Withania somnifera L. Dunal). International Journal of Current Science Research. 2015;1(7):164–173.
- Meher SK, Das B, Panda P, Bhuyan GC, Rao MM. Uses of Withania somnifera (Linn) Dunal (Ashwagandha) in Ayurveda and its pharmacological evidences. Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics. 2016;8(1):23–29. https://doi.org/10.5958/2321-5836.2016.00006.9
- Nile SH, Nile A, Gansukh E, Baskar V, Kai G. Subcritical water extraction of withanosides and withanolides from ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L) and their biological activities. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2019;132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2019.110659
- Shah N, Singh R, Sarangi U, Saxena N, Chaudhary A, Kaur G, et al. Combinations of Ashwagandha leaf extracts protect brain-derived cells against oxidative stress and induce differentiation. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0120554
- Maurya SP, Das BK, Singh R, Tyagi S. Effect of Withania somnifer on CD38 expression on CD8+ T lymphocytes among patients of HIV infection. Clinical Immunology. 2019;203:122–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2019.04.003
- Oza VP, Parmar PP, Kumar S, Subramanian RB. Anticancer properties of highly purified L-asparaginase from Withania somnifera L. against acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 2010;160:1833–1840. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-009-8667-z
- Balkrishna A, Pokhrel S, Singh J, Varshney A. Withanone from Withania somnifera may inhibit novel coronavirus (COVID-19) entry by disrupting interactions between viral S-protein receptor binding domain and host ACE2 receptor. 2020. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-17806/v1
- Shree P, Mishra P, Selvaraj C, Singh SK, Chaube R, Garg N, et al. Targeting COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease through active phytochemicals of ayurvedic medicinal plants – Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy) and Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) – A molecular docking study. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2022;40(1):190–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1810778
- Marshall JS, Warrington R, Watson W, Kim HL. An introduction to immunology and immunopathology. Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology. 2018;14(2). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13223-018-0278-1
- Tharakan A, Shukla H, Benny IR, Tharakan M, George L, Koshy S. Immunomodulatory effect of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) extract – A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial with an open label extension on healthy participants. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021;10(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10163644
- Esmaealzadeh N, Iranpanah A, Sarris J, Rahimi R. A literature review of the studies concerning selected plant-derived adaptogens and their general function in body with a focus on animal studies. Phytomedicine. 2022;105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154354
- Sharma L. Immunomodulatory effect and supportive role of traditional herbs, spices and nutrients in management of COVID-19. 2020. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202009.0026.v1
- Singh B, Sharma HK, Kaur R. Storage stability of osmo-convective dried beetroot candy. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2020;9(5):2704–2708.
- Saleem S, Muhammad G, Hussain MA, Altaf M, Bukhari SNA. Withania somnifera L.: Insights into the phytochemical profile, therapeutic potential, clinical trials, and future prospective. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. 2020;23(12):1501–1526. https://doi.org/10.22038/ijbms.2020.44254.10378
- Mofed D, Ahmed W, Zekri A-R, Said O, Rahouma M, Faraag AHI. The antiviral efficacy of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) against hepatitis C virus activity: In vitro and in silico study. Advances in Microbiology. 2020;10(9):463–477. https://doi.org/10.4236/aim.2020.109035
- Grunz-Borgmann E, Mossine V, Fritsche K, Parrish AR. Ashwagandha attenuates TNF-α- and LPS-induced NF-κB activation and CCL2 and CCL5 gene expression in NRK-52E cells. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies. 2015;15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-015-0958-z
- Pal A, Kumar KH, Bhushan B, Saharan V. Ashwagandha root extract inhibits acetylcholine esterase, protein modification and ameliorates H2O2-induced oxidative stress in rat lymphocytes. Pharmacognosy Journal. 2017;9(3):302–309. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2017.3.52
- Cordo' V, van der Zwet JCG, Canté-Barrett K, Pieters R, Meijerink JPP. T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A roadmap to targeted therapies. Blood Cancer Discovery. 2021;2(1):19–31. https://doi.org/10.1158/2643-3230.BCD-20-0093
- Turrini E, Calcabrini C, Sestili P, Catanzaro E, de Gianni E, Diaz AR, et al. Withania somnifera induces cytotoxic and cytostatic effects on human T leukemia cells. Toxins. 2016;8(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins8050147
- Yang J, Wang L, Guan X, Qin J-J. Inhibiting STAT3 signaling pathway by natural products for cancer prevention and therapy: In vitro and in vivo activity and mechanisms of action. Pharmacological Research. 2022;182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106357
- Cook KD, Waggoner SN, Waggoner SN, Whitmire JK. NK cells and their ability to modulate T cells during virus infections. Critical ReviewsTM in Immunology. 2014;34(5):359–388. https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2014010604
- Ochando J, Mulder WJM, Madsen JC, Netea MG, Duivenvoorden R. Trained immunity – basic concepts and contributions to immunopathology. Nature Reviews Nephrology. 2023;19:23–37. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-022-00633-5
- Trivedi MK, Jana S. In vitro evaluation of immunomodulatory effects of the test formulation by the estimation of natural killer cells and phagocytosis activities. Cell and Cellular Life Sciences Journal. 2019;4(1). https://doi.org/10.2174/1871523017666181116092934
- Khan MA, Ahmed RS, Chandra N, Arora VK, Ali A. In vivo, extract from Withania somnifera root ameliorates arthritis via regulation of key immune mediators of inflammation in experimental model of arthritis. Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. 2019;18(1):55–70. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871523017666181116092934
- Barua A, Bradaric MJ, Bitterman P, Abramowicz JS, Sharma S, Basu S, et al. Dietary supplementation of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera, Dunal) enhances NK cell function in ovarian tumors in the laying hen model of spontaneous ovarian cancer. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 2013;70(6):538–550. https://doi.org/10.1111/aji.12172
- Ciotti M, Ciccozzi M, Terrinoni A, Jiang W-C, Wang C-B, Bernardini S. The COVID-19 pandemic. Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences. 2020;57(6):365–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408363.2020.1783198
- Fraser N, Brierley L, Dey G, Polka JK, Pálfy M, Nanni F, et al. Preprinting the COVID-19 pandemic. bioRxiv. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.22.111294
- Srivastav S, Singh P, Mishra G, Jha KK, Khosa RL. Achyranthes aspera – An important medicinal plant: A review. Journal of Natural Product and Plant Resources. 2011;1(1):1–14.
- Aboyewa JA, Sibuyi NRS, Meyer M, Oguntibeju OO. Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using some selected medicinal plants from southern Africa and their biological applications. Plants. 2021;10(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10091929
- Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell. 2020;181(2):271–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052
- Munir M, Nadeem M, Qureshi TM, Jabbar S, Atif FA, Zeng X. Effect of protein addition on the physicochemical and sensory properties of fruit bars. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation. 2016;40(3):559–566. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.12635
- Panda AK, Kar S. Ayurvedic immuno booster: Is it myth or reality in COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Current Research and Review. 2021;13(1):134–140. https://doi.org/10.31782/IJCRR.2021.13140
- Sharifi-Rad J, Quispe C, Ayatollahi SA, Kobarfard F, Staniak M, Stępień A, et al. Chemical composition, biological activity, and health-promoting effects of Withania somnifera for pharma-food industry applications. Journal of Food Quality. 2021;2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8985179
- Baghel S, Saraugi SS, Kumar A, Rathore A, Soni DK. Sensory and physical evaluation of herbal biscuit incorporated with Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) and Ragi (Eleusine coracana). International Journal of Chemical Studies. 2020;8(5):136–142. https://doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i5b.10290
- Abayathilaka WS, Perera GAAR, Rathnayake AMGN, Subasinghe UGPP. Developing a low-calorie green tea based ready-to-drink beverage using Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri), Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) & Ceylon Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum). 2021.
- Dhole RR, Undratwad DT, Khadse PN, Meshram TA. Studies on sensory evaluation and cost structure of low-fat flavoured milk incorporated with ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root powder. The Pharma Innovation Journal 2022;11(8):950–954.
- Sinha M, Mani A, Sinha P. Value addition of guava cheese cv. Allahabad safeda by medicinal herbs. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2017;6(6):856–859.
- Indu PC, Awasthi P. Development and evaluation of cereal-legume based ladoo supplemented with Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera). The Pharma Innovation Journal. 2018;7(7):358–362.
- Prabu PC, Panchapakesan S, Raj CD. Acute and sub‐acute oral toxicity assessment of the hydroalcoholic extract of Withania somnifera roots in Wistar rats. Phytotherapy Research. 2013;27(8):1169–1178. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.4854
- Kushwaha S, Betsy A, Chawla P. Effect of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root powder supplementation in treatment of hypertension. Ethno-Medicine. 2012;6(2):111–115. https://doi.org/10.31901/24566772.2012/06.02.05
- Xing D, Yoo C, Gonzalez D, Jenkins V, Nottingham K, Dickerson B, et al. Effects of acute ashwagandha ingestion on cognitive function. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911852
- Lopresti AL, Smith SJ, Malvi H, Kodgule R. An investigation into the stress-relieving and pharmacological actions of an ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Medicine. 2019;98(37). https://doi.org/10.1097%2FMD.0000000000017186