Abstract

Aromatic plants are a valuable source of biologically active substances. The use of aromatic plant processing products in the pharmaceutical, perfume and cosmetic, and food industries is of great interest. The search for new plant sources of biologically active substances and the study of their composition and properties are still topical. Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is a promising aromatic raw material containing a number of biologically active substances. Until now, essential oils were obtained only from fennel fruits and, less frequently, from whole plants. However, fennel raw materials contain microelements and macroelements, organic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, tannins, polysaccharides, amino acids, coumarins, and flavonoids, which make the processing of whole plants reasonable. A rich spectrum of valuable fennel components requires the search for methods of their exhaustive recovery from plant raw materials, and this can be provided only with a complex processing technology. For this reason, the objective of our work was to develop a technology for the processing of fennel, a promising plant, on the basis of the steam distillation of raw materials and the aqueous alcoholic extraction of waste solid residues remaining after the recovery of essential oil with the purpose of obtaining aqueous alcoholic extracts, to study the other types of wastes formed in the course of processing, and to determine the field of their application. A promising trend in the processing of fennel was scientifically substantiated. Some regularities in the change of the yield of fennel essential oil components and their distribution between the plant organs depending on plant vegetation stages and weather in the submountain Crimea were established. The technical maturity of plants for industrial processing was defined. Waste residues after the extraction of essential oil were studied, and some new natural biologically active products were obtained.

Keywords

fennel, raw materials, processing, essential oil, aqueous alcoholic extract of fennel waste residues

REFERENCES

1. Gorbunova, E.V., Obosnovanie ispol’zovaniya Foeniculum vulgare Mill. dlya polucheniya tselevykh productov (Substantiating the use of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. for the production of target products), Naukovi pratsi Krims’kogo agrotekhnologichnogo universiteta (tekhnichni nauki) (Proceedings of the Crimean Agrotechnological University: Engineering Sciences), 2011, no. 138, pp. 128‒134.
2. Anubhuti, P., Rahul, S., and Kant, K.C., Standardization of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), its oleoresin and marketed ayurvedic dosage forms, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, 2011, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 265‒269.
3. Gorbunova, E.V. and Timasheva, L.A., Izuchenie dinamiki nakopleniya efirnogo masla v protsesse vegetatsii rastenii fenkhelya (Studying the dynamics of the accumulation of essential oil during the vegetation of fennel plants), Naukovi pratsi Krims’kogo agrotekhnologichnogo universiteta (tekhnichni nauki) (Proceedings of the Crimean Agrotechnological University: Engineering Sciences), 2012, no. 146, pp. 164‒170.
4. Gorbunova, E.V., Ekstragirovanie otkhodov fenkhelya posle izvlecheniya efirnogo masla (Extraction of fennel waste residues after the recovery of essential oil), Naukovi pratsi Krims’kogo agrotekhnologichnogo universiteta (tekhnichni nauki) (Proceedings of the Crimean Agrotechnological University: Engineering Sciences), 2013, no. 153, pp. 153‒158.
5. Kapás, Á., András, C.D., Dobre, T.G., Vass, E., Székely, G., Stroescu, M., Lányi, S., and Ábrahám, B., The kinetic of essential oil separation from fennel by microwave assisted hydrodistillation (MWHD), University Politehnica of Bucharest Scientific Bulletin, Series B: Chemistry and Materials Science, 2011, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 113‒120.
6. Gorbunova, E.V., Tekhnologicheskie osobennosti kompleksnoi pererabotki tselykh rastenii fenkhelya obyknovennogo (Engineering peculiarities of the complex processing of whole fennel plants), Tekhnika i tekhnologiya pishchevykh proizvodstv (Technics and Technology of Food Industry), 2013, no. 3, pp. 9‒15.
7. Quality Control Methods for Medicinal Plant Materials, Geneva: World Health Organization, 1998.
8. European Pharmacopoea, Strasbourg: Maisonneuve, 1998.
9. Karnick, C.R., Pharmacopoeial Standards of Herbal Plants, Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 1994, vol. 1, pp. 139‒141; vol. 2, p. 71.
10. Goryachev, M.I. and Pliva, I., Metody issledovaniya efirnykh masel (Methods of Studying Essential Oils), Alma-Ata: Izdatelistvo akademii nauk Kazakhskoi SSP, 1962.
11. Chaouche, T., Haddouchi, F., Lazouni, H.A., and Bekkara, F.A., Phytochemical study of the plant Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Der Pharmacia Lettre, 2011, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 329‒333.
12. Radulović, N.S. and Blagojević, P.D., A note on the volatile secondary metabolites of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Apiaceae), Facta Universitatis Series: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, 2010, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 25‒37.
13. Patel, J.B, Patel, B., Patel, R.K., and Patel, B.H., Comparative evaluation of extraction methods for extraction of essential oil from Foeniculum vulgare, Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Bioscientific Research, 2012, vol. 2, no. 4, рр. 176‒178.
14. Coşge, B, Kiralan, M, and Gürbüz, B., Characteristics of fatty acids and essential oil from sweet fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. var. dulce) and bitter fennel fruits (F. vulgare Mill. var. vulgare) growing in Turkey, Natural Product Research, 2008, vol. 22, no. 12, рр. 1011‒1016.