«Department of scientific and publishing activities»
Ru En
Open access
Subscription/purchasing
Submit manuscript
Home >Foods and Raw Materials > Archive > Volume 15, Issue 2, 2027 > Prospects for developing sleep-related functional foods: Use of electroencephalography for objective sleep measurement

Prospects for developing sleep-related functional foods: Use of electroencephalography for objective sleep measurement

Apsorn Sattayakhom
Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Таиланд
Phanit Koomhin
Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Таиланд
Narumol Matan
Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Таиланд
How to quote?
Sattayakhom A, Koomhin P, Matan N. Prospects for developing sleep-related functional foods: Use of electroencephalography for objective sleep measurement. Foods and Raw Materials. 2027;15(2):392–410. https://doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2027-2-716 
About journal
Funding
This work was financially supported by the Research Center of Excellence in Innovation of Essential Oils and Bioactive Compounds, Walailak University, and partially supported by the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) and Walailak University (Grant No. N41A640166).
Abstract
The development of sleep-enhancing food products can improve sleep quality. Understanding the relationship between food consumption and sleep is essential for selecting suitable ingredients for these products. Electroencephalography is a valuable tool for identifying foods and raw materials used in sleep-promoting products, providing critical insights into their effectiveness. This review examined the relationship between food consumption and sleep based on research from 2004 to 2024 utilizing electroencephalography tools in human and animal models. The effects of food intake on sleep were examined during the initial stage, slow-wave sleep, and the subsequent stage, rapid eye movement, with measurable parameters recorded. The intake quantity and concentration of specific foods or ingredients were analyzed in human and animal models, considering both normal sleep patterns and sleep disorder models. The analysis revealed that foods associated with sleep, as determined by electroencephalography testing, can be classified into six categories: essential oils, Chinese herbal medicines, plant and fungi extracts, tea and cocoa, probiotics and prebiotics in fermented foods, and food supplements. All the food types predominantly influenced the initial stage of sleep, specifically slow-wave sleep during non-rapid eye movement. In contrast, foods containing Chinese herbal medicines or extracts demonstrated a significant effect on the rapid eye movement stage. These findings provide valuable insights into the development of functional foods aimed at improving sleep quality.
Keywords
Sleep monitoring, slow-wave sleep, rapid eye movement sleep, sleep-enhancing food products, functional food development, sleep quality
References
  1. Brinkman JE, Reddy V, Sharma S. Physiology of Sleep. StatPearls. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing; 2025.
  2. Berry R, Brooks R, Gamaldo C, Harding SM, Lloyd RM, et al. AASM Scoring Manual Updates for 2017 (Version 2.4). Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 2017;13:665–666.
  3. Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC. Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2010, 1766 p.
  4. Van de Water ATM, Holmes A, Hurley DA. Objective measurements of sleep for non‐laboratory settings as alternatives to polysomnography – a systematic review. Journal of Sleep Research. 2011;20(1pt2):183–200. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2009.00814.x
  5. Fisher SP, Godinho SI, Pothecary CA, Hankins MW, Foster RG, et al. Rapid assessment of sleep-wake behavior in mice. Journal of biological rhythms. 2012;27(1):48–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748730411431550
  6. Park KS, Choi SH. Smart technologies toward sleep monitoring at home. Biomedical Engineering Letters. 2019;9:73–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13534-018-0091-2
  7. Boulos MI, Jairam T, Kendzerska T, Im J, Mekhael A, et al. Normal polysomnography parameters in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 2019;7(6):533–543. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(19)30057-8
  8. Hagan JJ, Leslie RA, Patel S, Evans ML, Wattam TA, et al. Orexin A activates locus coeruleus cell firing and increases arousal in the rat. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1999;96(19):10911–10916. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.19.10911
  9. Saito YC, Tsujino N, Abe M, Yamazaki M, Sakimura K, et al. Serotonergic input to orexin neurons plays a role in maintaining wakefulness and REM sleep architecture. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2018;12:892. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00892
  10. Arrigoni E, Fuller PM. The sleep-promoting ventrolateral preoptic nucleus: What have we learned over the past 25 years? International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022;23(6):2905. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23062905
  11. Deurveilher S, Burns J, Semba K. Indirect projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus: A dual tract‐tracing study in rat. European Journal of Neuroscience. 2002;16(7):1195–1213. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02196.x
  12. Yamatsu A, Yamashita Y, Maru I, Yang J, Tatsuzaki J, et al. The improvement of sleep by oral intake of GABA and Apocynum venetum leaf extract. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology. 2015;61(2):182–187. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.61.182
  13. Kim S, Jo K, Hong KB, Han SH, Suh HJ. GABA and L-theanine mixture decreases sleep latency and improves NREM sleep. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2019;57(1):64–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2018.1557698
  14. Park CW, Hong KB, Suh HJ, Ahn Y. Sleep-promoting activity of amylase-treated Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L. Dunal) root extract via GABA receptors. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis. 2023;31(2):278–288. https://doi.org/10.38212/2224-6614.3456
  15. Nakamura Y, Midorikawa T, Monoi N, Kimura E, Murata-Matsuno A, et al. Oral administration of Japanese sake yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae sake) promotes non-rapid eye movement sleep in mice via adenosine A2A receptors. Journal of Sleep Research. 2016;25(6):746–753. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12434
  16. Ochoa-de la Paz LD, Gulias-Cañizo R, Ruíz-Leyja ED, Sánchez-Castillo H, Parodí J. The role of GABA neurotransmitter in the human central nervous system, physiology, and pathophysiology. Revista mexicana de neurociencia. 2021;22(2):67–76. https://doi.org/10.24875/rmn.20000050
  17. Kim M, Kim YJ, Lee HW, Jung JC, Oh S. Chrysanthemum morifolium and its bioactive substance enhanced the sleep quality in rodent models via Cl− Channel Activation. Nutrients. 2023;15(6):1309. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061309
  18. Kim D, Yoon M, Kim S, Um MY, Cho S. Effects of green kiwifruit peel extract on sleep-wake profiles in mice: A polysomnographic study based on electroencephalogram and electromyogram recordings. Nutrients. 2022;14(22):4732. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224732
  19. Al-Sarraf H. Transport of 14C-γ-aminobutyric acid into brain, cerebrospinal fluid and choroid plexus in neonatal and adult rats. Developmental Brain Research. 2002;139(2):121–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-3806(02)00537-0
  20. Basheer R, Strecker RE, Thakkar MM, McCarley RW. Adenosine and sleep–wake regulation. Progress in neurobiology. 2004;73(6):379–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.06.004
  21. Satoh S, Matsumura H, Hayaishi O. Involvement of adenosine A2A receptor in sleep promotion. European Journal of Pharmacology. 1998;351(2):155–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2999(98)00302-1
  22. Baba Y, Takihara T, Okamura N. Theanine maintains sleep quality in healthy young women by suppressing the increase in caffeine-induced wakefulness after sleep onset. Food and Function. 2023;14(15):7109–7116. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3fo01247f
  23. Nakagawa M, Yamamoto H, Kawaji M, Miura N, Wakame K, et al. Effects of lactic acid bacteria-containing foods on the quality of sleep: A placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomized crossover study. Functional Foods in Health and Disease. 2018;8(12):579–596. https://doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v8i12.572
  24. Koomhin P, Sattayakhom A, Chandharakool S, Sinlapasorn J, Suanjan S, et al. Michelia essential oil inhalation increases fast alpha wave activity. Scientia Pharmaceutica. 2020;88(2):23. https://doi.org/10.3390/scipharm88020023
  25. Chandharakool S, Koomhin P, Sinlapasorn J, Suanjan S, Phungsai J, et al. Effects of tangerine essential oil on brain waves, moods, and sleep onset latency. Molecules. 2020;25(20):4865. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25204865
  26. Kwangjai J, Cheaha D, Manor R, Sa-ih N, Samerphob N, et al. Modification of brain waves and sleep parameters by Citrus reticulata Blanco. cv. Sai-Nam-Phueng essential oil. Biomedical Journal. 2021;44(6):727–738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bj.2020.05.017
  27. Ko LW, Su CH, Yang MH, Liu SY, Su TP. A pilot study on essential oil aroma stimulation for enhancing slow-wave EEG in sleeping brain. Scientific Reports. 2021;11:1078. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80171-x
  28. Cheaha D, Basor N, Sa-i N, Kumarnsit E, Chaikul A, et al. Jasmine essential oil promotes delta-beta power activities in the dorsal hippocampus under slow wave sleep promotion. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology. 2023;45(1):1–10.
  29. Sinthupachee A, Koomhin P, Udenigwe CC, Matan N. Active protein ingredient from smoke-dried fish hydrolysates with Litsea cubeba vapor for enhancing organoleptic properties, microbial safety, and brain response. ES Food & Agroforestry. 2024;18:1284. https://doi.org/10.30919/esfaf1284
  30. Cheaha D, Issuriya A, Manor R, Kwangjai J, Rujiralai T, et al. Modification of sleep-waking and electroencephalogram induced by vetiver essential oil inhalation. Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology. 2016;5(1):72–78. https://doi.org/10.5455/jice.20160208050736
  31. Zhou L, Zhu LY, Zhou W, Zhou YQ, Hu PY, et al. Discussion on safety and related pharmacological mechanism of compound anshen essential oil in relieving sleep disorders. Chinese Pharmacological Bulletin. 2023;39(3):580–587. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.12360/CPB202206034
  32. Wei Q, Ta G, He W, Wang W, Wu Q. Stilbene glucoside, a putative sleep promoting constituent from Polygonum multiflorum affects sleep homeostasis by affecting the activities of lactate dehydrogenase and salivary alpha amylase. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2017;65(11):1011–1019. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.c17-00275
  33. Woo JH, Ha TW, Kang JS, Hong JT, Oh KW. Potentiation of decursinol angelate on pentobarbital-induced sleeping behaviors via the activation of GABAA-ergic systems in rodents. Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology. 2017;21(1):27–36. https://doi.org/10.4196/kjpp.2017.21.1.27
  34. Kwon YO, Hong JT, Oh KW. Rosmarinic acid potentiates pentobarbital-induced sleep behaviors and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep through the activation of GABAA-ergic systems. Biomolecules & Therapeutics. 2017;25(2):105–111. https://doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2016.035
  35. Yoo JH, Ha TW, Hong JT, Oh KW. Sinomenine, an alkaloid derived from Sinomenium acutum potentiates pentobarbital-induced sleep behaviors and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep in rodents. Biomolecules & Therapeutics. 2017;25(6):586–592. https://doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2017.157
  36. Yoon M, Cho S. Triphlorethol A, a dietary polyphenol from seaweed, decreases sleep latency and increases non-rapid eye movement sleep in mice. Marine Drugs. 2018;16(5):139. https://doi.org/10.3390/md16050139
  37. Lin S, Nie B, Song K, Ye R, Yuan Z. Pinelliae rhizoma praeparatum cum alumine extract: Sedative and hypnotic effects in mice and component compounds. BioMed Research International. 2019;2019:6198067. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6198067
  38. Murthy SV, Fathima SN, Mote R. Hydroalcoholic extract of Ashwagandha improves sleep by modulating GABA/histamine receptors and EEG slow-wave pattern in in vitro – in vivo experimental models. Preventive Nutrition and Food Science. 2022;27(1):108–120. https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2022.27.1.108
  39. Miyazaki K, Itoh N, Saiki P, Kuroki Y. Supplementation with Eurycoma longifolia extract modulates diurnal body temperature fluctuation and sleep rhythm in mice. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology. 2022;68(4):342–347. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.68.342
  40. Choi JJ, Oh EH, Lee MK, Chung YB, Hong JT, et al. Gastrodiae rhizoma ethanol extract enhances pentobarbital-induced sleeping behaviors and rapid eye movement sleep via the activation of GABAA-ergic transmission in rodents. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2014;2014:426843. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/426843
  41. Hua R, Ding Y, Liu X, Niu B, Chen X, et al. Lonicerae Japonicae Flos extract promotes sleep in sleep-deprived and lipopolysaccharide-challenged mice. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2022;16:848588. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2022.848588
  42. Abdollahnejad F, Mosaddegh M, Nasoohi S, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J, Kamalinejad M, et al. Study of sedative-hypnotic effects of Aloe vera L. aqueous extract through behavioral evaluations and EEG recording in rats. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2016;15(1):293–300.
  43. Yamashiro K, Aoki M, Matsumoto N, Ikegaya Y. Polyherbal formulation enhancing cerebral slow waves in sleeping rats. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2020;43(9):1356–1360. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b20-00285
  44. Martinez-Mota L, Cruz-Tavera A, Dorantes-Barrón AM, Arrieta-Báez D, Ramírez-Salado I, et al. Calea zacatechichi Schltdl. (Compositae) produces anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects, and increases the hippocampal activity during REM sleep in rodents. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2021;265:113316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113316
  45. Takeda R, Yamamoto K, Tokuda M, Koga J, Higaki M, et al. Improvement in quality of sleep by the intake of saffron–derived crocin and safranal – a randomized, double–blind, placebo–controlled, parallel–group trial–. Japanese Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2020;48(3):497–504. (In Japanese)
  46. Ahn Y, Kim S, Park C, Kim JE, Suh HJ, et al. Sleep-promoting activity of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) rhizome water extract via GABAA receptors. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2022;60(1):1341–1348. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2022.2096076
  47. Kim S, Hong KB, Jo K, Suh HJ. Quercetin-3-O-glucuronide in the ethanol extract of lotus leaf (Nelumbo nucifera) enhances sleep quantity and quality in a rodent model via a GABAergic mechanism. Molecules. 2021;26(10):3023. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26103023
  48. Kwon YO, Ha TW, Oh KW. Ethanol extract of Perillae herba enhances pentobarbital-induced sleep and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep through GABAA-ergic systems. Natural Product Sciences. 2017;23(1):53–60. https://doi.org/10.20307/nps.2017.23.1.53
  49. Ahn Y, Lee HH, Kim BH, Park SJ, Kim YS, et al. Heukharang lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) leaf extract displays sleep-promoting effects through GABAA receptor. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2023;314:116602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2023.116602
  50. Hong KB, Han SH, Park Y, Suh HJ, Choi HS. Romaine lettuce/skullcap mixture improves sleep behavior in vertebrate models. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2018;41(8):1269–1276. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b18-00267
  51. Jo K, Kim S, Ahn Y, Suh HJ. Effects of green lettuce leaf extract on sleep disturbance control in oxidative stress-induced invertebrate and vertebrate models. Antioxidants. 2021;10(6):970. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10060970
  52. Kim HW, Suh HJ, Choi HS, Hong KB, Jo K. Effectiveness of the sleep enhancement by green romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in a rodent model. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2019;42(10):1726–1732. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b19-00454
  53. Rahimi S, Alaei H, Reisi P, Zarrin B, Siahmard Z, et al. Hydroalcoholic Tarooneh extract (spathe of phoenix dactylifera) increased sedative-hypnotic effects and modulated electroencephalography brain waves in Anesthetized Rats. Advanced Biomedical Research. 2019;8(1):24. https://doi.org/10.4103/abr.abr_58_16
  54. Yoon M, Kim JS, Jo J, Han D, Cho S. Sleep-promoting effect of Ecklonia cava: Ethanol extract promotes non-rapid eye movement sleep in C57BL/6N mice. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2014;17(1):19–25. https://doi.org/10.5657/FAS.2014.0019
  55. Li IC, Lin TW, Lee TY, Lo Y, Jiang YM, et al. Oral administration of Armillaria mellea mycelia promotes non-rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement sleep in rats. Journal of Fungi. 2021;7(5):371. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7050371
  56. Li TJ, Lee TY, Lo Y, Lee LY, Li IC, et al. Hericium erinaceus mycelium ameliorate anxiety induced by continuous sleep disturbance in vivo. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies. 2021;21:295. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-021-03463-3
  57. Kim H, Park I, Park K, Park S, Kim YI, et al. The positive effects of Poria cocos extract on quality of sleep in insomnia rat models. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19(11):6629. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116629
  58. Uchida M, Suzuki M, Shimizu K. Mycelial extract of cultured cordyceps sinensis improves the sleep disturbance induced by placing rats on the grid suspended over water. Japanese Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2016;44(6):881–885.
  59. Panagiotou M, Meijer M, Meijer JH, Deboer T. Effects of chronic caffeine consumption on sleep and the sleep electroencephalogram in mice. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2019;33(1):122–131. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881118806300
  60. Kim D, Kim S, Yoon M, Um MY, Cho S. Effects of chronic administration of green tea ethanol extract on sleep architecture in mice: A comparative study with a representative stimulant caffeine. Nutrients. 2023;15(4):1042. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15041042
  61. Kwon S, Yoon M, Lee J, Moon KD, Kim D, et al. A standardized phlorotannin supplement attenuates caffeine-induced sleep disruption in mice. Nutrients. 2019;11(3):556. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030556
  62. Oishi K, Okauchi H, Yamamoto S, Higo-Yamamoto S. Dietary natural cocoa ameliorates disrupted circadian rhythms in locomotor activity and sleep-wake cycles in mice with chronic sleep disorders caused by psychophysiological stress. Nutrition. 2020;75–76:110751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2020.110751
  63. Miyazaki K, Itoh N, Yamamoto S, Higo-Yamamoto S, Nakakita Y, et al. Dietary heat-killed Lactobacillus brevis SBC8803 promotes voluntary wheel-running and affects sleep rhythms in mice. Life Sciences. 2014;111(1–2):47–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2014.07.009
  64. Thompson RS, Roller R, Mika A, Greenwood BN, Knight R, et al. Dietary prebiotics and bioactive milk fractions improve NREM sleep, enhance REM sleep rebound and attenuate the stress-induced decrease in diurnal temperature and gut microbial alpha diversity. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 2016;10:240. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00240
  65. Higo-Yamamoto S, Yamamoto S, Miyazaki K, Nakakita Y, Kaneda H, et al. Dietary heat-killed Lactobacillus brevis SBC8803 attenuates chronic sleep disorders induced by psychophysiological stress in mice. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology. 2019;65(2):164–170. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.65.164
  66. Monoi N, Matsuno A, Nagamori Y, Kimura E, Nakamura Y, et al. Japanese sake yeast supplementation improves the quality of sleep: A double-blind randomised controlled clinical trial. Journal of Sleep Research. 2016;25(1):116–123. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12336
  67. Varin C, Rancillac A, Geoffroy H, Arthaud S, Fort P, et al. Glucose induces slow-wave sleep by exciting the sleep-promoting neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus: A new link between sleep and metabolism. Journal of Neuroscience. 2015;35(27):9900–9911. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0609-15.2015
  68. Bae GY, Ahn Y, Hong KB, Jung EJ, Suh HJ, et al. Sleep-enhancing effect of water extract from jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.) seeds fermented by Lactobacillus brevis L32. Foods. 2023;12(15):2864. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12152864
  69. Minet-Ringuet J, Le Ruyet PM, Tomé D, Even PC. A tryptophan-rich protein diet efficiently restores sleep after food deprivation in the rat. Behavioural Brain Research. 2004;152(2):335–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2003.10.018
  70. Halson SL, Shaw G, Versey N, Miller DJ, Sargent C, et al. Optimisation and validation of a nutritional intervention to enhance sleep quality and quantity. Nutrients. 2020;12(9):2579. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092579
  71. Thiagarajah K, Chee HP, Sit NW. Effect of alpha-S1-casein tryptic hydrolysate and L-theanine on poor sleep quality: A double blind, randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial. Nutrients. 2022;14(3):652. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030652
  72. Cherasse Y, Saito H, Nagata N, Aritake K, Lazarus M, et al. Zinc-containing yeast extract promotes nonrapid eye movement sleep in mice. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research. 2015;59(10):2087–2093. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201500082
  73. Ye M, Lee S, Yu HJ, Kim KR, Park HJ, et al. Sedative-hypnotic effects of Glycine max merr. extract and its active ingredient genistein on electric-shock-induced sleep disturbances in rats. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023;24(8):7043. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24087043
  74. Ta QV, Yoon M, Yang H, Kim J, Cho S, et al. Effects of blue mussel (ME) water extracts on pentobarbital-induced sleep and the sleep architecture in mice. Food Science and Biotechnology. 2015;24:295–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-015-0039-6
  75. Nedachi T, Haketa K, Harakawa S, Miura N, Wakame K. Effect of combining sleep-promoting food intake and electric field application on sleep in healthy participants: A pilot study. Functional Foods in Health and Disease 2021;11(12):659–672. https://doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v11i12.861
Download
Contents
Funding
Abstract
Keywords
References
Received: 23.06.2025
Accepted in revised form: 03.02.2026
Published: 29.09.2026
The site uses cookies and a service for collecting technical data of its visitors. Continuing to use this resource, you automatically agree to the use of these technologies.