Volume 15, Issue 2, 2027
11
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus is an RNA virus of the Retrovivridae family. It causes a chronic infectious disease in farm animals that poses a serious threat to global cattle farming. According to phylogenetic studies, the pathogen is classified into 12 genotypes.
This comprehensive bioinformatic analysis featured new bovine leukemia virus isolates (n = 57) sampled from various regions of the Russian Federation with different epizootic situations. The analysis featured both new sequences and old samples from Russia available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information. This large-scale approach made it possible to cover all known genotypes.
G4 genotype was associated with major amino acid substitutions in gp51 (T47A, A73P, R121H in epitope G; S56F in epitope H; I144T in ND2; D166G in CD8+). These substitutions provide a selective advantage through immune evasion mechanisms, including escape from humoral immunity, impaired T-cell recognition, and increased receptor affinity. G4 also correlated with rapid progression.
The rapid replacement of G7 by G4 in the Tyumen Region and the general dominance of G4 in Russia were due to a more aggressive course of infection resulting from the genetic ability of the pathogen to adapt to the host immune system. The obtained data underscore the necessity of developing genotype-specific diagnostic systems and implementing routine molecular-genetic monitoring to control the spread of bovine leukemia virus. New data on genetic variability and its impact on genotype-phenotype correlations may help curb the infection.
This comprehensive bioinformatic analysis featured new bovine leukemia virus isolates (n = 57) sampled from various regions of the Russian Federation with different epizootic situations. The analysis featured both new sequences and old samples from Russia available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information. This large-scale approach made it possible to cover all known genotypes.
G4 genotype was associated with major amino acid substitutions in gp51 (T47A, A73P, R121H in epitope G; S56F in epitope H; I144T in ND2; D166G in CD8+). These substitutions provide a selective advantage through immune evasion mechanisms, including escape from humoral immunity, impaired T-cell recognition, and increased receptor affinity. G4 also correlated with rapid progression.
The rapid replacement of G7 by G4 in the Tyumen Region and the general dominance of G4 in Russia were due to a more aggressive course of infection resulting from the genetic ability of the pathogen to adapt to the host immune system. The obtained data underscore the necessity of developing genotype-specific diagnostic systems and implementing routine molecular-genetic monitoring to control the spread of bovine leukemia virus. New data on genetic variability and its impact on genotype-phenotype correlations may help curb the infection.
4
Abstract
The escalating environmental concerns associated with traditional plastic packaging materials have prompted a paradigm shift towards sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Starch, a naturally abundant and renewable polysaccharide, has emerged as a promising raw material source for the development of biodegradable plastic packaging films. This review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of starch-based bioplastics, highlighting their potential as a sustainable alternative to conventional plastics.
A comprehensive search of peer-reviewed articles and reviews was conducted in the period of 2022–2024 using Google scholar. We examined the latest research on starch-based bioplastics focusing on the starch structure, extraction, modification, and processing, as well as applications, challenges, and future directions. The data were systematically gathered, evaluated, and organized into logical sections. We also discussed the processing methods employed to fabricate starch-based films, including casting, extrusion, and blown film extrusion.
We explored the structural and functional properties of starch, its modification techniques, and its blending with other biopolymers to enhance performance. Furthermore, we examined the physical, mechanical, and barrier properties of starchbased films, as well as their biodegradability and compostability. The challenges and limitations associated with starch-based packaging films include moisture sensitivity and poor mechanical properties. Finally, starch-based packaging films have potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.
By providing a comprehensive analysis of starch-based bioplastics, this review stimulates further research and development in this field, contributing to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly packaging industry.
A comprehensive search of peer-reviewed articles and reviews was conducted in the period of 2022–2024 using Google scholar. We examined the latest research on starch-based bioplastics focusing on the starch structure, extraction, modification, and processing, as well as applications, challenges, and future directions. The data were systematically gathered, evaluated, and organized into logical sections. We also discussed the processing methods employed to fabricate starch-based films, including casting, extrusion, and blown film extrusion.
We explored the structural and functional properties of starch, its modification techniques, and its blending with other biopolymers to enhance performance. Furthermore, we examined the physical, mechanical, and barrier properties of starchbased films, as well as their biodegradability and compostability. The challenges and limitations associated with starch-based packaging films include moisture sensitivity and poor mechanical properties. Finally, starch-based packaging films have potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.
By providing a comprehensive analysis of starch-based bioplastics, this review stimulates further research and development in this field, contributing to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly packaging industry.