Abstract

Coriolosis aspera has been known as a medicinal mushroom commonly used in Vietnam, China, and certain regions in South Asia. It has many health-beneficial effects, namely anti-inflammatory, anti-cancerous, and anti-antioxidant. Despite these advantages, the rigid and durable cell walls of C. aspera pose challenges during chemical or mechanical extraction processes. We aimed to identify the optimal method for extracting bioactive compounds from C. aspera among hot-water extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted alkali extraction, and ultrasound-assisted liquid nitrogen extraction. Among these methods, a combination of liquid nitrogen treatment (with a material-to-nitrogen ratio of 1:6) and ultrasoundassisted extraction (15 min) proved to be the most effective. This method yielded the highest concentrations of polyphenols (4.69 ± 0.02 mg GAE/g dry weight), flavonoids (0.88 ± 0.01 mg QE/g dry weight), and triterpenoids (1.28 ± 0.01 mg OAE/g dry weight). Additionally, it exhibited a notable antioxidant activity of 3.48 ± 0.01 μg ascorbic acid/g dry weight. The scanning electron microscope images indicated that ultrasound-assisted liquid nitrogen extraction was the only method able to effectively disrupt the cell walls of C. aspera. Our study contributes to the potential application of C. aspera in developing functional foods. It emphasizes the importance of effective extraction techniques in discovering medicinal properties of the mushroom.

Keywords

Anti-oxidant activity, Coriolopsis aspera, flavonoids, mycelia, triterpenoids, ultrasound-assisted extraction

REFERENCES

1. Chang ST, Wasser SP. The cultivation and environmental impact of mushrooms. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.231
2. Ghosh K. A review mushrooms: A source of immunomodulating and antitumor polysaccharides. Journal of Physical Sciences. 2015;20:239–252.
3. Nguyen N-T, Nguyen N-T, Dam S-M, Le T-T, Nguyen T-N, Van H-T, et al. Chemical composition and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects of extract from yunzhi mushroom (Coriolopsis aspera) in Vietnam. Pharmacophore. 2020;11(4):51–55.
4. Bautista-González JA, Montoya A, Bye R, Esqueda M, Herrera-Campos MA. Traditional knowledge of medicinal mushrooms and lichens of Yuman peoples in Northern Mexico. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2022;18:52. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-022-00550-8
5. Dantas SBS, Moraes GKA, Araujo AR, Chapla VM. Phenolic compounds and bioactive extract produced by endophytic fungus Coriolopsis rigida. Natural Product Research. 2023;37(12):2037–2042. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2022.2115492
6. Evana E, Palupi KD, Oktavia L, Fathoni A. Bioprospection of Enggano macroscopic fungi as antibacterial and antioxidant agents. Berita Biologi. 2021;20(2):201–210. https://doi.org/10.14203/beritabiologi.v20i2.4110
7. Abascal K, Yarnell E. A Turkey tails polysaccharide as an immunochemotherapy agent in cancer. Alternative and Complementary Therapies. 2007;13(4):178–182. https://doi.org/10.1089/act.2007.13410
8. Wasser S. Medicinal mushrooms as a source of antitumor and immunomodulating polysaccharides. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2002;60:258–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-002-1076-7
9. Haneef M, Ceseracciu L, Canale C, Bayer IS, Heredia-Guerrero JA, Athanassiou A. Advanced materials from fungal mycelium: Fabrication and tuning of physical properties. Scientific Reports. 2017;7:41292. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep41292
10. Chen L, Xu W, Lin S, Cheung PCK. Cell wall structure of mushroom sclerotium (Pleurotus tuber regium): Part 1. Fractionation and characterization of soluble cell wall polysaccharides. Food Hydrocolloids. 2014;36:189–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2013.09.023
11. Bleha R, Třešnáková L, Sushytskyi L, Capek P, Čopíková J, Klouček P, et al. Polysaccharides from basidiocarps of the polypore fungus Ganoderma resinaceum: Isolation and structure. Polymers. 2022;14(2):255. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14020255
12. Ma J, Fu Z, Ma P, Su Y, Zhang Q. Breaking and characteristics of Ganoderma lucidum spores by high speed entrifugal shearing pulverizer. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology – Materials Science. 2007;22:617–621. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-006-4617-6
13. Panda D, Manickam S. Cavitation technology – The future of greener extraction method: A review on the extraction of natural products and process intensification mechanism and perspectives. Applied Sciences. 2019;9(4):766. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9040766
14. Trygg J, Beltrame G, Yang B. Rupturing fungal cell walls for higher yield of polysaccharides: Acid treatment of the basidiomycete prior to extraction. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies. 2019;57:102206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2019.102206
15. Pinto D, Silva AM, Freitas V, Vallverdú-Queralt A, Delerue-Matos C, Rodrigues F. Microwave-assisted extraction as a green technology approach to recover polyphenols from Castanea sativa shells. ACS Food Science and Technology. 2021;1(2):229–241. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.0c00055
16. Sun H, Kang B, Chai Z, Sun H, Du H, Gao J, et al. Characterization of root-associated microbiota in medicinal plants Astragalus membranaceus and Astragalus mongholicus. Annals of Microbiology. 2017;67:587–599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13213-017-1285-z
17. Liang Z, Du B, Xie L, Jiayi Z, Lin F, Xia Y, et al. Pulverization using liquid nitrogen significantly improves physical properties of powder and extraction yield of polysaccharides of Astragalus mongholicus. International Journal of Food Engineering. 2017;13(2):20160034. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijfe-2016-0034
18. Thuan NN, Mai DS, Trinh NTN, Thang TD, Tuan NN, Thien LT, et al. Optimization of the extraction process of bioactive compounds from the fruiting bodies of yunzhi mushroom (Coriolopsis aspera) in Vietnam by response surface methodology. Malaysian Journal of Chemistry. 2023;25(4):165–175. https://doi.org/10.55373/mjchem.v25i4.165
19. Fogarasi M, Socaciu M-I, Sălăgean C-D, Ranga F, Fărcaș AC, Socaci SA, et al. Comparison of different extraction solvents for characterization of antioxidant potential and polyphenolic composition in Boletus edulis and Cantharellus cibarius mushrooms from Romania. Molecules. 2021;26(24):7508. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247508
20. Cai C, Ma J, Han C, Jin Y, Zhao G, He X. Extraction and antioxidant activity of total triterpenoids in the mycelium of a medicinal fungus, Sanghuangporus sanghuang. Scientific Reports. 2019;9:7418. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43886-0
21. Chu M, Khan RD, Zhou Y, Agar OT, Barrow CJ, Dunshea FR, et al. LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS characterization of phenolic compounds in common commercial mushrooms and their potential antioxidant activities. Processes. 2023;11(6):1711. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11061711
22. Machado-Carvalho L, Martins T, Aires A, Saavedra MJ, Marques G. Antioxidant, antibacterial, and cosmeceutical potential of four common edible mushrooms. Applied Sciences. 2023;13(13):7357. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13137357
23. Zhang J, Wen C, Zhang H, Duan Y, Ma H. Recent advances in the extraction of bioactive compounds with subcritical water: A review. Trends in Food Science and Technology. 2020;95:183–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2019.11.018
24. Zheng Y, Cui J, Chen A-H, Zong Z-M, Wei X-Y. Optimization of ultrasonic-microwave assisted extraction and hepatoprotective activities of polysaccharides from Trametes orientalis. Molecules. 2019;24(1):147. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24010147
25. Zheng Y, Li Y, Wang W. Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction and in vitro antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from Trametes orientalis. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2014;111:315–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.034
26. Kumar K, Srivastav S, Sharanagat VS. Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds from fruit and vegetable processing by-products: A review. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry. 2021;70:105325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105325
27. Bagade SB, Patil M. Recent advances in microwave assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from complex herbal samples: A review. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry. 2021;51(2):138–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2019.1686966
28. Maeng J-H, Shahbaz HM, Ameer K, Jo Y, Kwon J-H. Optimization of microwave‐assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from Coriolus versicolor mushroom using response surface methodology. Journal of Food Process Engineering. 2017;40(2):e12421. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.12421
29. Smiderle FR, Morales D, Gil-Ramírez A, de Jesus LI, Gilbert-López B, Iacomini M, et al. Evaluation of microwave-assisted and pressurized liquid extractions to obtain β-d-glucans from mushrooms. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2017;156:165–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.09.029
30. Sharma P, Tulsawani R. Ganoderma lucidum aqueous extract prevents hypobaric hypoxia induced memory deficit by modulating neurotransmission, neuroplasticity and maintaining redox homeostasis. Scientific Reports. 2020;10:8944. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65812-5
31. Ramirez M, Plaza ML, Azeredo A, Balaban MO, Marshall MR. Physicochemical and phytochemical properties of cold and hot water extraction from Hibiscus sabdariffa. Journal of Food Science. 2011;76(3):C428–C435. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02091.x
32. Tepsongkroh B, Jangchud K, Trakoontivakorn G. Antioxidant properties and selected phenolic acids of five different tray-dried and freeze-dried mushrooms using methanol and hot water extraction. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization. 2019;13:3097–3105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-019-00232-2
33. Leong YK, Yang F-C, Chang J-S. Extraction of polysaccharides from edible mushrooms: Emerging technologies and recent advances. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2021;251:117006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117006
34. Zin MIM, Jimat DN, Nawawi WMFW. Physicochemical properties of fungal chitin nanopaper from shiitake (L. edodes), enoki (F. velutipes) and oyster mushrooms (P. ostreatus). Carbohydrate Polymers. 2022;281:119038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.119038
35. Razumov EYu, Safin RR, Mukhametzyanov ShR, Baigildeeva EI, Safina AV, Lebedev DO. Studies of the composition of the cryogenic ground chaga. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2020;986:012029. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/986/1/012029
36. Kraljić K, Škevin D, Čukelj Mustač N, Benković M, Drakula S, Balbino S, et al. Influence of cryogenic grinding on the nutritional and antinutritional components of rapeseed cake. Applied Sciences. 2023;13(10):5841. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13105841
37. Thiviya P, Gamage A, Kapilan R, Merah O, Madhujith T. Single cell protein production using different fruit waste: A review. Separations. 2022;9(7):178. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations9070178